Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients in the development and validation cohort

Age, year

55.11 ± 10.93

55.23 ± 10.92

55.50 ± 10.93

Sex

 Female

32 (9.4)

21 (8.9)

11(10.7)

 Male

308 (90.6)

216 (91.1)

92 (89.3)

BMI

 ≤ 23 kg/m²

251 (73.8)

174 (73.4)

77(74.8)

 > 23 kg/m²

89 (26.2)

63 (26.6)

26 (25.2)

Smoking

 No

170 (50.0)

117 (49.4)

53(51.5)

 Yes

170 (50.0)

120 (50.6)

50 (48.5)

Drinking

 No

197 (57.9)

138 (58.2)

59(57.3)

 Yes

143 (42.1)

99 (41.8)

44 (42.7)

Hypertension

 No

294 (86.5)

205 (86.5)

89(86.4)

 Yes

46 (13.5)

32 (13.5)

14 (13.6)

Diabetes

 No

310 (91.2)

211 (89.0)

99(96.1)

 Yes

30 (8.8)

26 (11.0)

4 (3.9)

HBsAg

 Negative

82 (25.6)

58(24.5)

29(28.2)

 Positive

253 (74.4)

179 (75.5)

74 (71.8)

Cirrhosis

 No

112 (32.9)

75 (31.6)

37(35.9)

 Yes

228 (67.1)

162 (68.4)

66 (64.1)

MVI

 No

149 (43.8)

103 (43.5)

46(44.7)

 Yes

191 (56.2)

134 (56.5)

57 (55.3)

Extrahepatic metastasis

 No

203 (59.7)

139 (58.6)

64(62.1)

 Yes

137 (40.3)

98 (41.4)

39 (37.9)

Tumor size

 ≤ 6 cm

172 (50.6)

118 (49.8)

54(52.4)

 > 6 cm

168 (49.4)

119 (50.2)

49 (47.6)

Tumors number

 ≤ 3

180 (52.9)

123 (51.9)

57(55.3)

 > 3

160 (47.1)

114 (48.1)

46 (44.7)

BCLC stage C

 No

72 (21.2)

49 (20.7)

23(22.3)

 Yes

268 (78.8)

188 (79.3)

80 (77.7)

Child Paugh class

 A

259 (76.2)

188 (79.3)

71(68.9)

 B

81 (23.8)

49 (20.7)

32 (31.1)

BED

 ≤ 60 Gy

123 (36.2)

87 (36.7)

36(35.0)

 > 60 Gy

217 (63.8)

150 (63.3)

67 (65.0)

PLT, (× 10⁹/L)

 ≥ 100

294 (86.5)

204(86.1)

90(87.4)

 < 100

46 (13.5)

33 (13.9)

13 (12.6)

ALC, (× 10⁹/L)

 ≤ 1.8

277 (81.5)

194 (81.9)

83(80.5)

 > 1.8

63 (18.5)

43 (18.1)

20 (19.4)

ANC, (× 10⁹/L)

 < 2

307 (90.3)

217 (91.6)

90(87.3)

 ≥ 2

33 (9.7)

20 (8.4)

13 (12.6)

Hb

 ≥ 131 g/L

147 (43.2)

102 (43.0)

45(44.7)

 < 131 g/L

193 (56.8)

135(57.0)

58 (56.3)

AST

 ≤ 40 U/L

163 (47.9)

116 (48.9)

47(45.6)

 > 40 U/L

177 (52.1)

121 (51.1)

56 (54.4)

ALT

 ≤ 40 U/L

199 (58.5)

137 (57.8)

62(60.2)

 > 40 U/L

141 (41.5)

100 (42.2)

41 (39.8)

ALP

 ≤ 150 U/L

241 (70.9)

168 (70.9)

73(70.9)

 > 150 U/L

99 (29.1)

69 (29.1)

30 (29.1)

TBIL

 ≤ 21 umol/L

257 (75.6)

177 (74.7)

80(77.7)

 > 21 umol/L

83 (24.4)

60 (25.3)

23 (22.3)

Alb

 ≥ 55 g/L

188 (55.3)

132 (55.7)

56(54.4)

 < 55 g/L

152 (44.7)

105 (44.3)

47 (45.6)

PT

 ≤ 13 s

205 (60.3)

147 (62.0)

58(56.3)

 > 13 s

135 (39.7)

90 (38.0)

45 (43.7)

AFP

 < 400 ng/ml

218 (64.1)

150 (63.3)

68(66.0)

 ≥ 400 ng/ml

122 (35.9)

87 (36.7)

35 (34.0)

Prior TACE

 No

120 (35.3)

80 (33.8)

40(38.8)

 Yes

220 (64.7)

157 (66.2)

63 (61.2)

Prior surgery

 No

170 (50.0)

124 (52.3)

46(44.7)

 Yes

170 (50.0)

113 (47.7)

57 (55.3)

Prior immunotherapy

 No

328 (96.5)

229 (96.6)

99(96.1)

 Yes

12 (3.5)

8 (3.4)

4 (3.9)

Combined immunotherapy

 No

311 (91.5)

214 (90.3)

97(94.1)

 Yes

29 (8.5)

23 (9.7)

6 (5.8)