Table 1 Study and patient characteristics

Oscarsson et al., 2013 [14]

2 (39)

71 (35–84)

Prostate (n = 34)

Rectal (n = 3)

Cervical (n = 2)

Cystitis and proctitis (bleeding from mucosa, pain in the pelvis region, incontinence, frequent and/or imperative urge for defecation and/or urination)

EPIC (urinary and bowel domain)

Multiplace (n = 35) Monoplace (n = 4)

\({2.4}^{\mathrm{a}}\)

36 (mean)

90

Glover et al., 2016 [15]

38 (84)

Treatment group 62.3

Control group 62.0

Prostate (n = 33)

Anus (n = 8)

Vagina (n = 4)

Cervix (n = 22)

Uterus (n = 11)

Anal canal (n = 1)

Vulvar (n = 1)

Retroperitoneum (n = 1)

Pelvis (n = 1)

Rectum (n = 1)

Bladder (n = 1)

Chronic bowel dysfunction (grade 1 or 2 gastrointestinal symptoms)

Bowel component of IBDQ score, IBDQ rectal bleeding score, LENT-SOMA score, CTCAE scale, EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire and QLQ-CR38 module

Monoplace and multiplace

2.4 (treatment group)

1.3 (control group)

\({40}^{\mathrm{b}}\)

90

Oscarsson et al., 2019 [16]

20 (79)

Treatment group 64.0 (13.6 SD)

Control group 64.8 (10.7 SD)

Cervical (n = 18)

Prostate (n = 54)

Rectum (n = 3)

Uterus (n = 2)

Other (n = 2)

Cystitis

EPIC (urinary and bowel), SF-36 score, histological changes in the urinary bladder biopsies and LRMGS grades

Multiplace and monoplace

2.4–2.5

30–40

80—90

Oliai et al., 2012 [17]

2 (15)

69.5 (55–84) *

Prostate (n = 12)

Cervical (n = 1)

Vulvar (n = 1)

Rectal (n = 1)

Cystitis

LENT-SOMA score, clinical recurrence and severity of hematuria

Monoplace

2.0

24 (mean) *

90–120

Sidik et al., 2007 [18]

65

Treatment group 47 (± 5.5 SD)

Control group 44.7 (± 6.2 SD)

Cervical (n = 65)

Overall side effects

LENT-SOMA score and Karnofsky score

NR

2.0–3.0

\({>18}^{\mathrm{c}}\)

NR

Clarke et al., 2008 [19]

104 (120)

NR

Cervical (n = 93)

Uterus (n = 10)

Endometrium (n = 1)

Prostate (n = 13)

Colon (n = 1)

Rectal (n = 2)

Proctitis

LENT-SOMA bowel function, SF-12 general health function survey, clinical evaluation and patients’ beliefs

NR

2.0

\({30}^{\mathrm{d}}\)

90

Parra et al., 2011 [20]

4 (25)

66.7 (42–80)

Prostate (n = 20)

Bladder (n = 1)

Cervical (n = 3)

Endometrium (n = 1)

Cystitis

Clinical response of macroscopic bleeding

Multiplace

2.2

40

90

Rud et al., 2009 [21]

16

NR

Cervix (n = 14)

Endometrium (n = 1)

Ovarian (n = 1)

Overall tissue injuries (unacceptable pain in pelvic region)

BPI score, MADRS score, MRI, use of pain descriptors or analgesics and clinical changes

NR

2.4

21

90

Safra et al., 2008 [22]

11 (13)

55.2 (32–82) *

Cervix (n = 8)

Endometrium (n = 2)

Vagina (n = 1)

Rectal (n = 1)

Bladder (n = 1)

Cystitis, proctitis, rectovaginal fistulas, vesicovaginal fistulas, vaginal ulcers and wound healing complications

NCI Common Toxicity Criteria and clinical changes of proctitis, cystitis and wound complications

Multiplace

2.0

27 (mean)

90

Jones et al., 2006 [23]

6 (10)

65 (39–79)

Prostate (n = 3)

Cervix (n = 4)

Uterus (n = 1)

Rectum (n = 1)

Vagina (n = 1)

Proctitis

LENT-SOMA score and clinical changes

NR

2.0–2.5

36–41

90

Williams et al., 1992 [24]

13 (14)

53 (35–78)

Cervix (n = 9)

Endometrium (n = 1)

Vagina (n = 3)

Colon (n = 1)

Necrotic wounds

Clinical changes of vaginal necrosis and fistula

NR

2.0

44 (mean)

90–120

Feldmeier et al., 1996 [25]

30 (44)

60.9 (33–80) *

Cervix (n = 19)

Endometrium (n = 3)

Vulva (n = 5)

Ovarian (n = 2)

Uterus (n = 1)

Prostate (n = 1)

Testicular (n = 2)

Rectum/anus (n = 4)

Bladder (n = 2)

Ewings sarcoma (n = 1)

Mycosis fungoides (n = 1)

Unknown (n = 1)

Skin (n = 1)

Urethra (n = 1)

Overall injuries (necrotic wounds, fistulas, cystitis, enteritis colitis, caecal perforation, soft tissue and ulcers)

Clinical changes of healing injuries, closure of fistulas and necrotic wounds

Multiplace

2.4

27.2 (mean) *

90

Al-Ali et al., 2010 [26]

3 (14)

Treatment group 73.5 (59–88) *

Control group 51*

Prostate (n = 10)

Colon (n = 1)

Cervix (n = 1)

Vulvar (n = 1)

Uterus (n = 1)

Cystitis (macroscopic hematuria)

Clinical changes in hemorrhagic cystitis and bleeding

NR

2.5

30 *

60

Bui et al., 2004 [27]

7 (45)

64 (7–88)

Head and neck (n = 31)

Pelvic (n = 7)

Other (n = 7)

Overall side effects (osteoradionecrosis, soft tissue necrosis, proctitis and cystitis)

RTOG criteria

NR

2.4

40 (median) *

100

Andren et al., 2020 [28]

7 (52)

67.9 (SD 10.1)

Prostate (n = 41)

Cervix (n = 4)

Rectum (n = 3)

Endometrium (n = 2)

Bladder (n = 1)

Vulvar (n = 1)

Proctitis and cystitis

LENT-SOMA score (bladder and bowel domain)

Multiplace and monoplace

2.4 (multiplace)

2.0 (monoplace)

31 (mean)

\({90}^{\mathrm{ e}}\)

Ngoo et al., 2018 [29]

(18)

\({\begin{array}{c}59.5 \\ (42-82)\end{array}}^{\mathrm{f}}\)

NR

Cystitis

Clinical

NR

2.4

27 (median)

90

Lin et al., 2017 [30]

39 (42)

63 (42–82)

Cervix (n = 39)

Urinary bladder (n = 3)

Acute hematuria, dysuria and urgency and frequency of urination

Clinical and cystoscopic findings

Multiplace

2.5

38 (mean)

120

Ribeiro de Oliveira et al., 2015 [31]

108 (176)

61.91 (15–85)

Cervix (n = 89)

Prostate (n = 56)

Endometrium (n = 17)

Bladder (n = 7)

Rectum (n = 3)

Ewing’s sarcoma (n = 2)

Ovarian (n = 1)

Vulva (n = 1)

Cystitis

Resolution of macroscopic hematuria

Multiplace

2.5

36.53 (mean)

90

Mougin et al., 2016 [32]

6 (71)

72 (39–87)

Cervix (n = 6)

Prostate (n = 61)

Bladder (n = 2)

Other (n = 2)

Cystitis

CTCAE scale, clinical changes

Multiplace

2.5

29 (mean)

90

Ferreira et al., 2014 [33]

36 (70)

66.5 (34–91)

Cervix (n = 34)

Vagina (n = 2)

Prostate (n = 30)

Anus (n = 2)

Rectum (n = 1)

Colon (n = 1)

Cystitis, proctitis, enteritis, vaginitis, proctoenteritis

LENT-SOMA scale and clinical

Multiplace

2.4

40 (median)

80

Fink et al., 2006 [34]

14

52.9 (34–77)

Cervix (n = 8)

Vulvar (n = 1)

Bartholin gland (n = 1)

Vaginal (n = 1)

Ovarian (n = 1)

Delayed radiation injuries

Clinical

NR

2.4

32.8 (mean)

90