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Table 3 Univariable and multivariable analysis of associations between invasive adenocarcinoma and potential predictors thereof. Working correlation structure in the generalized estimation model was determined via quasi-likelihood under the independence model criterion, and unstructured working correlation structure was selected. Multivariable model 1 only included variables whose p values were < 0.1 in the univariable model. Multivariable model 2 included all potential variables, and was performed as a sensitivity analysis

From: Factors distinguishing invasive from pre-invasive adenocarcinoma presenting as pure ground glass pulmonary nodules

 

Univariable model

Multivariable Model 1

Multivariable Model 2

Characteristics

 

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

Sex

Female

0.634 (0.427, 0.942)

0.024

0.784 (0.468, 1.313)

0.356

0.708 (0.415, 1.208)

0.205

Male

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Age, years

> 55

3.764 (2.464, 5.748)

< 0.001

2.240 (1.370, 3.665)

0.001

2.732 (1.605, 4.651)

< 0.001

≤55

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Smoking history

Current or former

0.801 (0.590, 1.284)

0.722

–

–

0.721 (0.401, 1.023)

0.942

Never

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Symptoms

Present

1.080 (0.780, 2.196)

0.830

–

–

0.988 (0.697, 2.010)

0.984

Absent

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Serum CEA, μg/L

> 1

1.932 (0.350, 10.661)

0.45

–

–

0.967 (0.235, 3.978)

0.963

≤1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Maximal diameter, cm

> 1

13.058 (8.192, 20.814)

< 0.001

2.690 (0.994, 7.276)

0.051

2.992 (1.098, 8.153)

0.032

≤1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Mean diameter, cm

> 1

16.190 (10.285, 25.486)

< 0.001

6.207 (2.352, 16.383)

< 0.001

4.707 (1.761, 12.583)

0.002

≤1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

CT density, HU

> − 600

2.612 (1.756, 3.885)

< 0.001

3.542 (2.155, 5.822)

< 0.001

3.886 (2.307, 6.548)

< 0.001

≤ − 600

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Pleural retraction

Present

0.991 (0.329, 2.986)

0.988

–

–

2.042 (0.444, 9.390)

0.359

Absent

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Air bronchogram sign

Present

0.765 (0.166, 3.535)

0.732

–

–

0.193 (0.042, 0.882)

0.034

Absent

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Bubble lucency sign

Present

0.824 (0.415, 1.639)

0.582

–

–

0.583 (0.249, 1.365)

0.214

Absent

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Spiculated sign

Present

1.761 (1.093, 2.838)

0.02

1.445 (0.781, 2.671)

0.241

1.758 (0.880, 3.511)

0.11

Absent

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 
  1. CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, CI confidence interval, CT computed tomography, HU Hounsfield units, IAC invasive adenocarcinoma, OR odds ratio (estimated from generalized estimation model)
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Radiation Oncology

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