Tumor location as an indication for adjuvant radiotherapy in pT3N0 rectal cancer after surgery

Background The optimal care for pT3N0 rectal cancer remains controversial. And whether tumor location can be used to guide the administration of adjuvant radiotherapy for pT3N0 rectal cancer is not fully confirmed. The current study was designed to identify the benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy for pT3N0 rectal cancer. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 265 pT3N0 rectal cancer patients who were treated by surgery and adjuvant therapy from Mar. 2005 to Sept. 2015. All patients were divided into two groups according to receiving adjuvant radiotherapy or not. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) were compare between patients who did and did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy. Multivariate analysis was performed to explore clinical factors significantly associated with DFS, local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Results For patients with lower tumor, DFS in adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy group was higher than that in adjuvant chemotherapy group. Besides, the rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis were found lower in patients who did receive adjuvant radiotherapy than those who did not. For patients with upper tumor, the 5-year OS and DFS were similar between groups of adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy. Multivariable analysis indicated both the CEA and tumor location were independent predictors of LRFS. And adjuvant radiotherapy predicted the DFS, LRFS and DMFS in lower rectal cancer patients. Conclusion Tumor location can serve as an indication for the administration of adjuvant radiotherapy in pT3N0 rectal cancer patients.


Introduction
The treatment of rectal cancer has rapidly evolved during the last 15 years with an increasing use of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced disease, which has markedly improved the quality of life and survival of rectal cancer patients [1]. However, postoperative radiotherapy is also routinely used for patients who undergo surgery first and have a pathologic stage of pT3-4 or N+. Currently, radical surgery with the principle of total mesorectal excision (TME) is the standard operation form for a resectable rectal cancer, which has significantly decreased the local recurrence rate [2,3]. Studies reported that the rates of local recurrence ranged from 4.1 to 6.5% in pT3N0 rectal patients who received TME surgery alone [2,3]. Due to the low rate of local failure, the benefit of additional radiotherapy in this subset of rectal cancer is controversial [4,5]. Several studies have reported that adjuvant radiotherapy may not improve the survival and local control rate in pT3N0 rectal cancer [6][7][8]. They suggested that post-operative adjuvant radiation may be unneeded and over-treatment for patients with pT3N0 stage. However, other researchers held different viewpoint of that the pT3N0 rectal cancer have an intermediate risk of recurrence, and more investigation was needed to confirm the real value of radiation therapy [9,10]. In this study, our goal is to further explore the value of adjuvant therapy in pT3N0 rectal cancer patients. Besides, we try to find whether some routine clinical factors could be used to guide the administration of adjuvant radiotherapy.

Patients selection
Data were extracted from a rectal cancer database that included all patients who underwent surgical treatment at Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University from Mar. 2004 to Sept. 2015. The database included patient characteristics, operative findings, pathologic reports, adjuvant therapy, and follow-up data. The patient selection criteria were as the following: (1) without any preoperative therapy; (2) receiving TME surgery; (3) pathologically confirmed T3 N0 rectal adenocarcinoma; (4) receiving adjuvant therapy. When the reviewing of medical and pathologic records was completed, 280 patients with pT3N0M0 were initially selected,. Then 10 patients were lost in the follow up. And 5 cases with CRM positive were not as candidates. Finally, 265 patients were enrolled in the study.

Clinical evaluation
Clinical staging was assessed according to ultrasound colonoscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and chest radiography. Other examinations such as complete blood count and liver function test were also performed. Pre-treatment CEA levels were measured within 2 weeks before surgery. Although National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline recommended preoperative chemoradiation for all locally advanced rectal cancer (cT3,4 or N +), this strategy has not been widely practiced until the year of 2007 in this hospital and surgery with adjuvant therapy is now still considered as an option for clinical stage T3N0M0. Besides, some patients who were clinically stage as T1-2 N0 received radical surgery, but with final pathology of pT3N0. The tumor location defined in current study was the distance from the anal verge (AV) to the primary tumor. And the distance was measured by ultrasound colonoscopy. Upper and lower rectal caner were defined as tumor located more than(≥7 cm) or within 7 cm(< 7 cm) from the anal verge [11,12].

MRI examination
Before surgery, all the patients were given MR(1.5-TeslaI) examination. The region from the apertura pelvis superior to the anus was scanned (supine position). The section thickness was 5 mm for the axial plane (1 mm interslice spacing) and 6 mm for the sagittal and coronal planes (1 mm interslice spacing). Usually, the T1-weighted images and T2-weighted images were obtained before the injection of contrast material, and the contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images were collected after the injection of contrast material. The tumor volume was calculated based on the pelvic MRI scanning images. And it was done by two observers, including one radiologists and a clinician.

Treatment
In our study, all the patients were divided into two groups as follows. Group A (adjuvant chemotherapy group): the patients received adjuvant chemotherapy alone. Group B (adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy group): the patients received both adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant radiotherapy. Usually, when the patients have completed the treatment of surgery, they were given adjuvant concurrent chemo-radiation followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.
All the operations were performed according to the TME-principles by colorectal surgeons and the methods included low anterior resection, abdominoperineal resection and Hartmann. The four patients who underwent Hartmann's procedure were due to the poor preoperative bowel preparations.
The technique of radiotherapy was based on three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy treatment planning system with 3 or 4 fields irradiation plan being used. The clinical target volume (CTV) included primary rectal tumor bed, peri-rectal tissues, pre-sacral lymph nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes and obturator lymph nodes. The superior border of the CTV was the bottom of L5, and the inferior border was the obturator formamen (Dixon) or 1.5 cm inferior of the metal sign (Mile's),. The anterior border was the posterior margin of the bladder or uterus and the posterior border was the anterior margin of the sacrum. PTV is defined as CTV+ 8 mm. The prescription dose to the whole pelvis was 46-50 Gy in 23-25 fractions over 5 weeks.

Pathologic evaluation
The pathology reports were reviewed for histologic differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, total number of lymph nodes retrieved, and the involvement of the circumferential resection margin (CRM). Additionally, CRM involvement in our study was defined as the microscopic presence of tumor cells from the outermost margin of the tumor to the proper mesorectal fascia or when the maximum distance between the tumor and proper rectal fascia was less than 1 mm.

Follow-up
Follow-up examinations were performed every 3 months for the first 2 years after treatment and every 6 months thereafter. Evaluations included complete blood count, liver function test, CEA, CA19-9, physical examination and digital rectal examination for each visit. Chest radiography, CT scanning of the abdomen and pelvis, and colonoscopy were performed every 6 months after surgery. PET/CT were not regularly recommended in case of suspicious recurrence was detected. The follow-up of each patient was recorded in our database.

Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS software, Version19.0. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, and continuous variables were analyzed by the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test. The Kaplan-Meier method was employed to compare DFS rates and OS rates. Univariate analyses of factors associated with DFS, LRFS, and DMFS were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed by Cox proportional hazards regression. Statistical significance was considered to be p < 0.05.

Clinical characteristics
In all, there were 265 patients with pT3N0 on the final pathology enrolled in our study. Among them, 115 patients received postoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, while 150 patients just received chemotherapy. Compared to patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy, those who received chemoradiotherapy were significantly younger (P = 0.041) and more likely to have a lower Hb level (P = 0.025). Other variables such as gender, location of tumor, tumor grade, type of surgery, tumor volume, number of retrieved lymph nodes were similar between two groups. Median follow-up for patients who did and did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy were 56.4 and 57.1 months, respectively. And there was also no difference between the two groups (Table 1).
Besides, in the subgroup of patients with lower rectal cancer, the common baseline characteristics between patient who received adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy were all comparable (Table 2).  (Fig. 2, Table 3).

Subgroup analysis based on tumor location
For the patients with lower tumor, those undergoing adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy exhibited longer DFS than those undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy alone (p = 0.015) (Fig. 3, Table 4). However, there was no significant difference in OS between the two groups (p = 0.316) (Fig. 4, Table 4). Based on analysis of distant metastasis, the patients in the adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy group displayed a lower rate of distant metastasis than those in adjuvant-chemo group(p = 0.033). Besides, the rate of local recurrence was also found to be lower in patents who did receive adjuvant radiotherapy than those who did not (p = 0.032)(    Table 6). No significant difference was detected in either OS (p = 0.619) or DFS (p = 0.953). Further analysis of the recurrence pattern revealed that there were no differences in both the local recurrence and distant metastasis rates between patients who did and did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy(p > 0.05).

Clinical predictors for DFS, LRFS and DMFS in the whole group
For the whole group, multivariable analysis showed that pre-treatment CEA level and retrieved lymph nodes were significantly associated with DFS. And for LRFS, results reveled that both the CEA level and tumor location were independent predictors of it. Besides, higher CEA level and fewer retrieved lymph nodes predicted poorer DMFS (Table 7).

Clinical predictors for DFS, LRFS and DMFS in patients with lower rectal cancer (tumor location< 7 cm from AV)
As for patients with lower rectal cancer, although tumor volume was not significantly associated with LRFS, it did predict both the DFS and DMFS. It was also found that the adjuvant radiotherapy predicted the DFS, LRFS and DMFS, meaning that the addition of radiotherapy could significantly improve the survival (Table 8).

Discussion
Our current study demonstrated that no significant differences were found in both OS and DFS in pT3N0 rectal cancer patients who received adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy compared to adjuvant chemotherapy. However, when subgroup analysis was performed, it surprisingly showed that adjuvant  Many studies suggested additional radiotherapy in patients with T3 N0 rectal cancer was unnecessary due to the low local recurrence rate after an TME surgery. One study performed by Merchant NB [13] reported that the overall local recurrence was 9% and overall survival was 75% for pT3N0 rectal cancer patients who underwent surgery without adjuvant treatment. Similarly, in the study of Nissan et al., a low local recurrence rate of 4.1% was even reported in pT3N0 patients who received TME surgery alone [3]. Considering the excellent local control in pT3N0 rectal cancer after TME surgery, several researchers questioned the clinical value of adjuvant radiotherapy in these patients [7,8]. In the study of Kim et al., 151 patients with stage IIA rectal cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) (n = 29) or concurrent chemo-radiotherapy(CRT) (n = 122) following TME were enrolled. After a median follow-up period of 78 months, no significant differences were observed in the 5-year local recurrence or 5-year overall survival rates between CT and CRT, indicating additional postoperative radiotherapy did not alter local recurrence or survival in patients with stage IIA rectal cancer after TME [8]. In another study done by Park et al., 390 patients with stage IIA were enrolled. Adjuvant chemotherapy was provided to 180 patients (46.2%), and chemotherapy plus radiotherapy was provided to 210 patients (53.8%). Results showed that local recurrence rate did not differ between patients who did and did not receive radiotherapy [7]. Furthermore, in patients with mid and lower rectal cancer, the local recurrence rate was not affected by radiotherapy [7,14], which was contradicted to our findings. Possible explanation was that we chose the cut-off of 7 cm from AV to separate the patients into lower and upper cancer groups while Park et al. used the cut-off of 5 and 10 cm to divide the patients into three groups. In our study, we also found that upper rectal cancers had a lower   [15]. The highlight in our work was that we performed further analysis based on clinical factor of tumor location. And we found that tumor location can serve as an indication for the use of adjuvant radiotherapy in pT3N0 rectal cancer after surgery, which has not been clearly suggested in current clinical practice. As we know, adjuvant radiotherapy can cause some toxicities which affect the life quality of rectal cancer patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy. The acute toxicities after postoperative radiotherapy occurred in 4 to 48% of cases, and serious toxicities requiring hospitalization or surgical intervention occurred in 3 to 10% of cases [16]. Besides, patients who did receive radiotherapy tended to suffer more radiation associated morbidities and dysfunctional outcomes such as fibrosis, autonomic nerve injury, and sexual dysfunction, compared to those who did not [17][18][19].
There were some risk factors which were found to be associated with the local recurrence. For example, abnormal CEA level, presence of LVI and perirectal fat invasion were all risking factors for local failure in pT3N0 rectal cancer. Additionally, Tepper et al. found that the number of lymph nodes harvested and the lower rectal cancer also predicted local recurrence [20]. Our findings were in consistent with the previous studies, especially the one performed by Tepper et al. We demonstrated that pre-treatment CEA level, tumor location and number of retrieved lymph node were independent predictors of LRFS. Specifically, upper rectal cancer was found to suffer lower local recurrence rates than lower rectal cancer [21][22][23]. Thus, we further performed subgroup analysis based on tumor location, finding that tumor location can be an indication for the administration of adjuvant radiotherapy in pT3N0 rectal cancer after surgery. We also found that tumor volume can predict DFS, which was not reported previously.
There were several limitations regarding our study. This was a retrospective analysis and the sample size in subgroup was relatively small. Although we tried to identify the value of adjuvant radiotherapy for pT3N0 rectal cancer, this question can only been answered by the large prospective clinical trial. Besides, the regimens of adjuvant chemotherapy given to the patients varied from each other, which may affect the results in some extent.

Conclusions
In conclusion, adjuvant radiotherapy improved the DFS in pT3N0 rectal cancer patients with lower