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Table 4 Acute and late adverse effects

From: Charged particle therapy for high-grade gliomas in adults: a systematic review

Study

Patients

Radiation modality

Evaluation criterion

Severe acute or late toxicity (≥ G3)

Common acute toxicity (G1–2) n (%)

Common late toxicity(G1–2) n (%)

Mizoe et al. [27]

48

Photon (50 Gy in 25 fractions) + Carbon ion boost (highest dose 24.8GyE in 8 fractions)

RTOG/EORTC

None

Alopecia 36 (75%) caused by XRT

Brain necrosis 4(8.3%)

Kong et al. [25]

50

Proton (34–60GyE in 10–30 fractions) + Carbon ion boost (2–4GyE in 3–5 fractions)

CTCAE v.4.03

None

Alopecia/Dermatitis 29 (76%)

Brain necrosis 11(22%)

Adeberg et al. [14]

66

Photon (50 Gy in 25 fractions) + Proton boost (10GyE in 5 fractions)

CTCAE v.4.03

None

Increased intracranial pressure 4(6%), Seizure 1(2%), Decreased fine motor skills 1(2%)

Mizumoto et al. [17]

23

Photon (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions) + Proton boost (46.2GyE in 28 fractions)

CTCAE v.3.0 RTOG/EORTC

None

Nausea or Headache 5(21.7%), Alopecia/Dermatitis 23(100%)

Brain necrosis 6(26%)

Fitzek et al. [15]

23

Photon + Proton boost (median total dose 93.5CGE)

RTOG/EORTC

Cerebral edema 1(4.3%)

Nausea 8(34%), Dizziness 2(8.6%), Headache 2(8.6%), blurred vision 1(4.3%), Alopecia /Dermatitis 23 (100%)

Brain necrosis 23(100%)

Tsujii et al. [13]

13

Photon + Proton boost

Brown et al. [12]

28(proton) 39(IMRT)

Proton (60GyE in 30 fractions) vs. IMRT (60 Gy in 30 fractions)

CTCAE v.4.03

Proton: Hydrocephalus 1(3.6%) IMRT: Headache 1(2.6%)

Proton: Alopecia 19(67.9%), Fatigue 17(60.7%), Headache 8(28.6%); IMRT: Alopecia 29(74.4%), Fatigue 26(67%), Headache 19(48.7%)

Vora et al. [11]

63

Proton (40–66GyE in 15–33 fractions)

CTCAE v.4.03

Headache 1 (1.6%), Fatigue 1 (1.6%), Thrombocytopenia 1 (1.6%)

Alopecia/Dermatitis 63 (100%), Headache 63 (100%), ataxia 63(100%), confusion63(100%), insomnia63(100%)

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  1. CTCAE Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0/4.03 (CTCAE v3.0/4.03); RTOG/EORTC Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; G1–2 Grade1–2 G3 Grade3; /: NOT GIVEN