From: Radiotherapy modulates tumor cell fate decisions: a review
Type of CFD | CFD characteristics | Features | Key factors | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apoptosis | PCD | Cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, plasma membrane blebbing, production of apoptotic bodies | Caspase ↑; p53 ↑; Bcl-2 ↓; BAX ↑; PUMA ↑; NOXA ↑ | |
Necrosis | Non-PCD | DNA damage results in cell swelling, rupture of the plasma membrane, and outflow of cellular contents, followed by inflammation and damage | ATP ↓; NAD ↓; Ca2+ ↑ | |
Necroptosis | PCD | A MLKL- dependent PCD with a necrotic morphology | Caspase-8 ↓; RIPK1 ↑; RIPK3 ↑; MLKL ↑ | [47] |
Pyroptosis | PCD | A GSDM-dependent PCD with a necrotic morphology | NLRP3 ↑; AIM2 ↑; caspase-1 ↑; GSDMD ↑; IL-18 ↑; IL-1β ↑ | |
Ferroptosis | PCD | An iron-dependent lipid peroxidation-induced PCD with a necrotic morphology | Fe2+ ↑; SLC7A11-GSH-GPX4 ↓ PUFA-PL ↑; ACSL4 ↑; LPCAT3 ↑; NAD(P)H-FSP1-CoQ ↓ | |
Autophagy | PCD | Lysosome degrades autophagosomes that engulf cytoplasmic components, and can induce autophagic cell death | PI3K-AKT-mTORC1; p53; p73; E2F1 | |
Senescence | Non-lethal process | A state in which cells lose their ability to proliferate | p53-p21 ↓; p16INK4a-pRB ↓ | |
Mitotic catastrophe | Non-lethal process | Abnormal nuclear morphology, multi nucleated, multi micro-nucleated giant cells | P53-p21 ↓; CDK1-cyclin ↑; CDK2-cyclin E/A ↑ | |
Cuproptosis | PCD | An PCD dependent on copper and protein acylation in TCA cycle with a necrotic morphology | Cu+ ↑; FDX1 ↑; LIAS ↑; DLAT ↑ |