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Table 5 Survival outcomes, toxicity incidence and prognostic factors on patients of all included studies

From: Efficacy and safety of carbon ion radiotherapy for bone sarcomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Local recurrence

Metastasis

Local control

Overall survival

Toxicity

Prognostic factors been evaluated

Shiba 2021 [10]

8 (15.1%)

11 (20.8%)

3-year (88.6%)

5-year (73.8%)

3-year (79.7%)

5-year (79.7%)

Acute: ≤ G2

Late: ≤ G3

Chordoma: Age, Sex, Chemotherapy, Performance status(0–1 or 2–3)c, Prior treatment, Distance of tumor-GI(≤ 3 mm or > 3 mm), Distance of tumor-GI(≤ 5 mm or > 5 mm), GTV volume(≤ 300cm3 or > 300cm3)a, GTV D98(≤ 64GyE or > 64GyE), GTV D95(≤ 66GyE or > 66GyE), GTV V64(≤ 98 or > 98), GTV V60(≤ 98 or > 98), GTV V < 64(≤ 1cm3 or > 1cm3), GTV V < 60(≤ 1cm3 or > 1cm3) a

Mohamad 2018 [11]

2 (7.7%)

14 (53.8%)

3-year (69.9%)

5-year (62.9%)

3-year (50%)

5-year (41.7%)

Acute: No

Late: ≤ G4(G4 = 8%)

Age, Sex, Performance status(1 or 2), Pathologic subtype(Osteoblastic or Others), Tumor location(Pelvis or Others), Tumor status(Primary or Others), Tumor status(Non-metastatic or Metastatic), Target volume(< 452cm3 or ≥ 452cm3), Largest tumor diameter(≤ 9.5 cm or > 9.5 cm)ab, Response to chemotherapy(SD + PR or Others*), Dose(≥ 70.4GyE or < 70.4GyE)

Imai 2017 [12]

Unclear

NR

5-year (53%)

5-year (53%)

Acute: NR

Late: ≤ G4(G3 = 4%, G4 = 7%)

Different grade groups(G1 or G2), Tumor size(cut-off of 470 cm3) abe, Different grade groups(G1 or G3 anddedifferentiated) be, Different grade groups(G2 and dedifferentiated) be, Different grade groups(G1 or G2), Tumor status(primary or recurrenc), Tumor location (spine and other, pelvis), Tumor status (primary, recurrence and metastasis), Age (cut-off of 65 years)

Imai 2016 [13]

41 (21.8%)

54 (28.7%)

5-year (77.2%)

10-year (52%)

5-year (81.1%)

10-year (66.8%)

Acute: NR

Late: ≤ G4(G4 = 1.1%)

Sex, Tumor volume(≤ 500cm3 or > 500cm3), Level of proximal invasion(≥ S2 or < S2), Total irradiated dose(≤ 67.2GyE or > 67.2GyE)

Matsunobu 2012 [14]

21 (26.9%)

41 (52.6%)

2-year (73%)

5-year (62%)

2-year (58%)

5-year (33%)

Acute: ≤ G3(G3 = 3.8%)

Late: ≤ G4(G3 = 5.1%, G4 = 3.8%)

Age, Sex, Performance status(1 or 2)ab, Tumor site(Pelvis or Others), Pathologic subtype, Tumor status(Primary tumor or Metastatic tumor), Clinical target volume(< 500cm3 or ≥ 500cm3)ab, ALP(Normal or ≥ 335 IU/L)b, CRP(Normal or ≥ 0.3 mg/dL)b, Prior surgery, Prior chemotherapy, Total dose(> 70GyE or ≤ 70GyE)

Imai 2011 [15]

6 (6.3%)

NR

5-year (88%)

5-year (86%)

Acute: ≤ G3(G3 = 3.2%)

Late: ≤ G4(G3 = 2.1%, G4 = 2.1%)

NR

Mizoe 2009 [16]

Unclear

NR

5-year (85.1%)

10-year (63.8%)

5-year (87.7%)

10-year (67%)

Acute: ≤ G2

Late: ≤ G2(G2 = 3%)

Age, sex, KPS, dose, Gross tumor volume (GTV)

Mattke 2018 [17]

5 (6.3%)

0

1-year (98.6%)

2-year (97.2%)

4-year (90.5%)

1-year (100%)

2-year (98.5%)

4-year (92.9%)

Acute: ≤ G2

Late: ≤ G2

Age, Sex, Tumor volume(≤ 36.6 cm3 or > 36.6 cm3), Tumor status (Primary/recurrent)

Uhl 2014 [18]

55 (35.5%)

4 (2.6%)

3-year (82%)

5-year (72%)

10-year (54%)

3-year (95%)

5-year (85%)

10-year (75%)

Acute:NR

Late: Quantitative toxicity results

PTV volume(< 100 ml or ≥ 100 ml) a, Total dose(≤ 51 GyE or > 51 GyE) a

Uhl 2014 [19]

10 (12.7%)

NR

3-year (95.9%)

5-year (88%)

10-year (88%)

3-year (96.1%)

5-year (96.1%)

10-year (78.9%)

Acute:NR

Late: Quantitative toxicity results

Age(< 45 years) a, Boost volume(≤ 55 ml) a, Sex, Dose, Tumor grade(grade 1 or grade 2), Time of treatment(primary or recurrenc)

Combs2009 [20]

1 (5.9%)

0

Crude local control rate was 94%

Crude overall survival rate was 100%

Acute: ≤ G2(G2 = 6%)

Late: No

NR

Wu 2019 [21]

3 (14.3%)

4 (19.0%)

1-year (93.8%)

2-year (85.2%)

1-year (100%)

2-year (100%)

Acute: ≤ G1(G1 = 48%)

Late: ≤ G1

Age, Metal implantation, Sex, Treatment (primary or recurrence), Dose, Tumor volume

  1. Bold was defined as a statistically significant prognostic factor (p ≤ 0.05)
  2. NR, no reported
  3. aFactor significantly correlated with local control (LC) (p ≤ 0.05); bfactor significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) (p ≤ 0.05); cfactor significantly correlated with progress-free survival (PFS) (p ≤ 0.05); dfactor significantly correlated with distance Progress-free survival (DPFS) (p ≤ 0.05);
  4. eFactor significantly correlated with disease free survival (DFS) (p ≤ 0.05); ffactor significantly correlated with local recurrence (LR) (p ≤ 0.05); *Others include progressive disease and incomplete chemotherapy regimen; excluding unknown response