Table 1 Potential biomarkers of immunogenic cell death (ICD) adapted from Käsmann et al. [41]
Parameter | Molecular determinants |
|---|---|
Cancer cell-associated pro-tumorigenic cytokines | IL1, IL10, IL6, IL33, TGF-β, VEGF, VEFGC, IDO enzyme, CXCL12, IL18 |
Immune cell-associated pro-tumorigenic cytokines | IL10, IDO enzyme, TGF-β, IL4, IL5, IL13, TNFα, M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL26, CXCI5, CCL7 |
Danger signals (cell surface marker, cytokines/chemokines) | HMGB1, HSP70, antibodies against calreticulin/HSP90 |
Cancer cell-associated viral response-like chemokine signature | IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL1, CCL2 |
Immune cell-associated anti-tumorigenic cytokines or chemokines | IL1B, IL12p70, IL15, IFNG, IL22, IL23, IL17A, IL2, CCL1, CXCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CXCL11, CCL12, CCL13, CXCL13, CXCL16, CCL17, CCL19, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL26 |