From: A review of substitute CT generation for MRI-only radiation therapy
Approach category | MRI sequence/contrast | Number | Site | Performance metric | Note | References | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
main | sub 1 | sub 2 | sub 3 | ΔDose [%] | MAE [HU] | DSC bone | Other | ||||||
Voxel | Semi-automatic | T1w | 20 | brain | 1 | ΔROI | [61] | ||||||
Threshold | dUTE | 1 | phantom | 2 | 0.81 | 87 | Cbone | ||||||
dUTE | 5-19 | brain | 0.5 | 230 | 0.49-0.65 | 90 | Ctissue | ||||||
Dixon | 2 | brain | 94/77 | SSbone | [66] | ||||||||
dUTE | Dixon | 6-98 | brain | 0.75 | 88/88,81 | SSbone, Ctissue | |||||||
Probabilistic | Clustering | Fuzzy c-means | T2w | Dixon | 2-5 | brain | 97-98/75-94 | SSbone | |||||
T2w | T1w | 10 | brain | 98/74 | SSair | [52] | |||||||
dUTE | Dixon | 9 | brain | 130 | [72] | ||||||||
Bayesian | Markow RF | dUTE | 5 | brain | 1 | 204-247 | 0.53-0.59 | [22] | |||||
Regression | Discriminant | dUTE | T2w | 3 | phantom | 2.3 | 88 | [73] | |||||
dUTE | T2w | 3 | brain | 1.2 | 153 | [74] | |||||||
Gaussian | dUTE | T2w | 5-9 | brain | 0.9-1.5 | 137-140 | 0.85 | 68-94,98 | γ11, γ33 | ||||
dUTE | 5 | brain | 1 | 136-148 | 0.67-0.72 | ||||||||
Random F | dUTE | 5 | brain | 1 | 128 | 0.74 | [22] | ||||||
Semi-automatic Dual | T1w | T2w | 9 | prostate | 0.7 | 75 | 0.91 | 99.9 | a, γ22 | [78] | |||
T1w | T2*w | 10-15 | prostate | 0.3-2 | 135 | 93 | γ11 | ||||||
PCA | T1w | 10 | torso | 5 | Δbone | [81] | |||||||
Sinogram | T1w | 10 | brain | 0.85 | b | [82] | |||||||
Neural network | T1w | 3 | brain | 0.78 | [83] | ||||||||
dUTE | 4 | brain | 0.83 | [84] | |||||||||
Pattern recognition | dUTE | Dixon | 10 | brain | 76 | Cair | [85] | ||||||
Hybrid | Neural Network | Template | dUTE | 4 | brain | 0.77 | [86] | ||||||
Gaussian | Spatial info | dUTE | T2w | 9 | brain | 130 | [75] | ||||||
Random F | Spatial info | T1w | 9-10 | brain | 0.92-0.98 | c | |||||||
Atlas | Pattern recognition | Patch Patch Probabilistic | T1w | 5 40 | brain | 0.5 | 85 | 0.84 0.75 | [48] [89] | ||||
Deformable | T1w | 28 | whole body | 0.88 | DSCbrain | [90] | |||||||
T1w | T2w | 5-17 | brain | 1-2.5 | 97-114 | 0.63-0.83 | 1.7 | ΔROI | |||||
T2w | 37 | prostate | 1.5 | 0.79 | [25] | ||||||||
T2w | 10 | cervix | 0.3 | [95] | |||||||||
Hybrid | Deformable | Patch | T1w | 17 | brain | 101 | [96] | ||||||
T2w | 39 | Prostate | 0.3 | 40.5 | 0.91 | 100 | γ22 | [97] | |||||
Hybrid | Deformable | Probabilistic | T1w | 9-27 | brain | 126 | 0.86 | 86/90 | SSbone | ||||
T2w | 10 | prostate | 0.2 | 36.5 | 99.9 | γ21 | [27] | ||||||
Regression | Random F | T2w | 20 | prostate | 0.83 | DSCprostate | [99] | ||||||
Threshold | dUTE | 154 | brain | 0.81 | [100] |