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Table 1 Ultrasound probe orientation affected mostly the longitudinal position readings

From: Surface refraction of sound waves affects calibration of three-dimensional ultrasound

Number of experiment, number of observer

Slope in longitudinal direction (mm/°)

Slope in lateral direction (mm/°)

Slope in vertical direction (mm/°)

1st experiment, 1st observer (HB)

+0.123 ± 0.006 (r2 = 0.92)

–0.016 ± 0.005 (r2 = 0.19)

+0.004 ± 0.002 (r2 = 0.06)

1st experiment, 2nd observer (BDB)

+0.122 ± 0.009 (r2 = 0.82)

–0.015 ± 0.004 (r2 = 0.30)

– 0.010 ± 0.004 (r2 = 0.16)

1st experiment, 3rd observer (MR)

+0.126 ± 0.005 (r2 = 0.95)

–0.013 ± 0.005 (r2 = 0.16)

+0.001 ± 0.003 (r2 = 0.00)

2nd experiment, 1st observer (HB)

+0.211 ± 0.009 (r2 = 0.93)

–0.017 ± 0.008 (r2 = 0.12)

+0.026 ± 0.009 (r2 = 0.18)

2nd experiment, 2nd observer (BDB)

+0.157 ± 0.008 (r2 = 0.91)

+0.014 ± 0.006 (r2 = 0.12)

+0.035 ± 0.006 (r2 = 0.43)

3rd experiment, 1st observer (HB)

+0.124 ± 0.006 (r2 = 0.93)

+0.013 ± 0.004 (r2 = 0.21)

-0.016 ± 0.003 (r2 = 0.48)

3rd experiment, 2nd observer (BDB)

+0.110 ± 0.005 (r2 = 0.92)

+0.013 ± 0.003 (r2 = 0.42)

-0.011 ± 0.003 (r2 = 0.29)