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Table 2 Dose assessment metrics averaged for all patients for 1 × PCR, 4 × PCR, and 8 × PCR

From: Carbon-ion scanning lung treatment planning with respiratory-gated phase-controlled rescanning: simulation study using 4-dimensional CT data

No. beam fields

Metrics

Strategy

Planning dose

1 × PCR

4 × PCR

8 × PCR

Mean ± (SD)

Range

Mean ± (SD)

Range

Mean ± (SD)

Range

Mean ± (SD)

Range

1 beam field

D95 (Gy(RBE))

Ungated

46.5 ± 0.4

(45.6-47.4)

43.7 ± 1.7

(39.0-46.2)

46.3 ± 0.4

(45.4-47.2)

46.5 ± 0.4

(45.6-47.3)

  

Gated

46.1 ± 0.6

(44.8-47.4)

45.4 ± 0.7

(42.7-46.8)

45.9 ± 0.5

(44.7-46.8)

46.1 ± 0.6

(44.7-47.2)

 

Dmax (Gy(RBE))

Ungated

48.7 ± 0.3

(48.5-49.4)

56.6 ± 4.7

(50.4-73.0)

49.7 ± 0.6

(49.0-50.9)

49.0 ± 0.3

(48.5-49.9)

  

Gated

48.9 ± 0.3

(48.5-49.4)

51.7 ± 1.9

(49.0-55.2)

49.9 ± 1.0

(48.5-53.8)

49.3 ± 0.5

(49.0-50.9)

 

Dmin (Gy(RBE))

Ungated

43.4 ± 1.8

(39.4-47.5)

39.8 ± 3.0

(33.1-44.2)

43.0 ± 1.9

(38.4-46.6)

43.3 ± 1.8

(39.4-47.5)

  

Gated

43.3 ± 1.4

(39.8-47.0)

42.0 ± 1.6

(36.0-45.1)

42.8 ± 1.3

(39.4-46.6)

43.2 ± 1.3

(39.8-47.0)

 

HI (%)

Ungated

1.1 ± 0.2

(0.5-1.7)

5.1 ± 2.3

(2.0-12.4)

1.4 ± 0.3

(0.7-2.3)

1.2 ± 0.2

(0.6-1.7)

  

Gated

1.3 ± 0.4

(0.6-2.1)

2.5 ± 0.8

(1.3-4.4)

1.7 ± 0.3

(1.0-2.6)

1.5 ± 0.4

(0.7-2.1)

 

Treatment time (s)

Ungated

N/A

N/A

99.1 ± 50.7

(28.3-251.1)

99.1 ± 50.7

(28.3-251.1)

99.1 ± 50.7

(28.3-251.1)

 

Gated

N/A

N/A

118.5 ± 55.0

(44.3-253.9)

118.8 ± 55.0

(47.1-269.8)

119.6 ± 55.5

(44.9-264.3)

4 beam fields

D95 (Gy(RBE))

Ungated

46.7 ± 0.4

(46.0-47.6)

45.3 ± 0.9

(43.0-46.3)

46.6 ± 0.3

(46.2-47.5)

46.7 ± 0.4

(46.0-47.6)

  

Gated

46.3 ± 0.5

(45.5-47.6)

46.1 ± 0.4

(45.6-46.8)

46.2 ± 0.4

(45.6-47.2)

46.3 ± 0.6

(45.5-47.5)

 

Dmax (Gy(RBE))

Ungated

48.5 ± 0.1

(48.5-49.0)

52.6 ± 2.2

(49.9-56.2)

48.9 ± 0.3

(48.5-49.4)

48.6 ± 0.2

(48.5-49.0)

  

Gated

48.6 ± 0.2

(48.5-49.0)

49.8 ± 0.8

(49.0-50.9)

49.0 ± 0.5

(48.5-50.4)

48.8 ± 0.3

(48.5-49.4)

 

Dmin (Gy(RBE))

Ungated

44.2 ± 1.7

(40.3-47.5)

42.7 ± 1.8

(39.4-45.1)

44.2 ± 1.7

(40.3-47.5)

44.2 ± 1.6

(40.8-47.5)

  

Gated

44.4 ± 1.1

(42.7-47.5)

44.0 ± 0.7

(43.2-46.1)

44.2 ± 0.8

(43.2-46.6)

44.3 ± 1.1

(42.7-47.5)

 

HI (%)

Ungated

0.9 ± 0.2

(0.3-1.2)

2.9 ± 1.1

(1.5-5.6))

1.0 ± 0.2

(0.4-1.2)

0.9 ± 0.2

(0.3-1.2)

  

Gated

1.1 ± 0.3

(0.3-1.6)

1.5 ± 0.3

(1.1-2.0))

1.2 ± 0.2

(0.7-1.6)

1.2 ± 0.3

(0.4-1.7)

 

Treatment time (s)

Ungated

N/A

N/A

396.4 ± 195.4

(180.7-915.8)

396.4 ± 195.4

(180.7-915.8)

396.4 ± 195.4

(180.7-915.8)

 

Gated

N/A

N/A

474.1 ± 218.6

(235.1-939.1)

475.1 ± 218.7

(234.5-960.6)

478.5 ± 220.2

(239.2-956.7)

  1. Abbreviations: CTV clinical target volume, HI homogeneity index, PCR phase-controlled rescanning, SD standard deviation.