Bringing the heavy: carbon ion therapy in the radiobiological and clinical context

Table 1 Effectiveness comparison for various histologies by anatomical location between Standard of Care (SOC) and Carbon Ions

Site	No. of carbon ion studies	5-year LC range		Toxicity range (late ≥ GIII injury)		References
		SOC	Carbon	SOC	Carbon
*Intracranial*
Glioma	2	< 20%	-	Location dependent	-	Trials ongoing^§†
Meningioma	2	80-90%	-	Location dependent	-	Trials ongoing^§‡
*Head and Neck*
Adenoid cystic	3	27-72%	26-96%	0-12.9%	0-17%	[141, 142]
Bone/soft tissue sarcoma	2	43-70%	24-73%	0%	2-18.5%	[20, 140, 143–147]
Skull base	3	46-73%	82-88%	0-7%	0-5%	[117–121, 148]
*Thorax*
NSCLC	4	80-97%	90-95%	0-15%	3% (pneumonitis)	[21, 149]
*Abdomen and Pelvis*
HCC	4	75-96%	81-96%	7-22%	3-4%	[21, 130–133, 150]
Pancreas	2	10-20%	66-100%	1.8-20%	7.7%	[136, 151–153]
Prostate	2	80-95%**	87-99%*	4-28%	0.1-25%	[21, 24, 154–159]
Rectal cancer	1	24-28%	95%	14-27%	-	[21, 160–162]
Cervix cancer	1	20%	53%	0-10.6	9.6-18.2%	[163–165]
Sacral chordoma	1	55-72%	88%	17.6%	5.9%-17.9%	[166–168]
Chondrosarcoma	1	20-40%	60%	-	-	[167, 168]

Abbreviations: SOC Standard of Care, LC Local Control, HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma, GIII Grade III toxicity, *OS (Overall survival); **bPFS (biochemical progression free survival); ^§CLEOPATRA (NCT01165671); ^†CINDERELLA (NCT01166308); ^‡MARCIE (NCT01166321).