Table 8 Risk factors for IORN of the upper and lower jaw in the literature
Author group | Year of publication | Risk factor(s) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
Ahmed et al. [30] | 2009 | Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) advantageous compared to conventional radiotherapy | |
Berger et al. [14] | 2010 | Total dose >66Gy | Literature survey |
Bhide et al. [31] | 2012 | Total dose > 60Gy | Literature survey |
Volume of mandible within the treatment field. Trauma related ORN after lower doses | |||
IMRT | |||
Chopra et al. [32] | 2011 | White ethnicity | |
Secondary infection | |||
Advanced age | |||
Stage IV | |||
Total dose | |||
Post-RT dental extractions | |||
Lack of pre-RT dental extractions | |||
Goldwasser et al. [33] | 2007 | Higher body mass index | Multivariate analysis |
Use of steroids | |||
Radiation dose >66Gy | |||
Jerecek-Fosså et al. [17] | 2002 | Total dose | Literature survey, only part of the factions mentioned in the paper cited here |
Brachytherapy dose | |||
Dose per fraction | |||
Interval between fractions | |||
Volume of the horizontal ramus of the mandible irradiated with a high dose | |||
Dental status | |||
Bad oral hygiene | |||
Dental extractions after radiotherapy | |||
Katsura et al. [18] | 2008 | Oral health status after radiotherapy | |
Periodontal pocket depth | |||
Dental plaque | |||
Alveolar bone loss level | |||
Radiographic periodontal status | |||
Lee et al. [19] | 2009 | Univariate: Mandibular surgery | Multivariate analysis: Mandibular surgery |
Co-60 | BED >106.2Gy | ||
Lozza et al. [35] | 1997 | Dose rate | Brachytherapy exclusively |
Reference volume | |||
Curi et al. [3] | 1997 | Oral cancer | |
Invasion of bone | |||
Tumour surgery | |||
Total radiation dose | |||
Dose rate/day | |||
Mode of radiation delivery | |||
Dental status | |||
Time from radiation therapy until the onset of ORN | |||
Monnier et al. [20] | 2011 | Oral cavity tumours | Multivariate analysis: bone surgery |
Bone invasion | |||
Surgery prior to radiotherapy | |||
Bone surgery | |||
Nabil et al. [36] | 2012 | Hyperfractionation | Literature survey |
Reduced risk after accelerated radiotherapy with reduced dose | |||
Reuther et al. [4] | 2003 | Advanced tumours | |
Segmental resection of the mandible | |||
Tooth extractions (pre/post RT) | |||
Pre-surgical radiotherapy worse than post-surgical radiotherapy | |||
Støre and Boysen [37] | 2000 | Tumour localization in tongue and floor of mouth | |
trauma | |||
Thiel et al. [38] | 1989 | Caries | |
Periondontosis | |||
Periapical pathology | |||
Injury | |||
Irritation by prostheses | |||
Dental extractions before and after radiotherapy | |||
Bone surgery because of remaining or recurrent tumours | |||
Thorn et al. [39] | 2000 | Removal of teeth | |
Surgery | |||
Injury from prosthesis | |||
Spontaneous breakdowns | |||
Tsai et al. [27] | 2013 | Total dose | |
Dental status | |||
Smokers | |||
Alcohol | |||
Larger tumours | |||
Turner et al. [24] | 1996 | Bone involvement | |
Synchronous Methotrexate | |||
Scattered dose from elective | |||
neck treatment | |||
Increasing dose | |||
Increasing target volumes for doses <55Gy | |||
Dental extractions |