Table 3 Results concerning survival achieved with permanent and temporary iodine-125 brachytherapy in patients with various brain tumours.

Mundinger

1980 [4]

221 iodine-125 & iridium-192

Astrocytomas I (55)

72%

52%

Astrocytomas II (76)

69%

44%

Astrocytomas III (34)

66%

47%

Oligodendrogliomas II/III (26)

65%

27%

Glioblastomas (17)

Germinomas (13)

19%

30%

Leibel

1984 [194]

43 temporary

80-120Gy

Recurrent primary tumours

preirradiated

> 18 months

Wara

1985 [189]

temporary

Recurrent malignant gliomas

18 months

Leibel

1985 [195]

43 temporary

80-120Gy

Recurrent primary tumours

preirradiated

18 months

Leibel

1986 [111]

77 temporary

50-120Gy

Recurrent tumours:

Astrocytomas III (42)

49%

22 months

Glioblastomas (35)

all preirradiated

26%

17 months

Gutin

1987 [110]

41 temporary

57.4-120Gy

Recurrent tumours:

25-100cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (23)

35 months

30-40mCi

Glioblastomas (18)

preirradiated (44-70.5Gy)

8 months

Wright

1987 [47]

14 temporary

100-280Gy

New tumours (12)

2-32 months

2 permanent

15-30cGy/h

6-144mCi

Additional pRT (45Gy)

Recurrent tumours (4)

Preirradiated

Glioblastomas (12)

Willis

1988 [46]

17 temporary

New:

New glioblastomas (5)

100%

75%

25%

60Gy

Additional pRT (50.4Gy)

35-64cGy/h

34-239mCi

Recurrent:

Recurrent tumours (12)

93%

60%

50%

38%

80Gy

Astrocytomas III (8)

30-65cGy/h

122-320mCi

Glioblastomas (4)

preirradiated (50.4-66Gy)

Leibel

1988 [44]

95 temporary

50-120Gy

Recurrent tumours:

55%

40%

20 months

Astrocytomas III (50)

30%

15%

12 months

Glioblastomas (45)

preirradiated

Prados

1989 [158]

14 temporary

50cGy/h

10-40mCi

Metastases

preirradiated

18 months

Etou

1989 [93]

56 temporary & permanent

90-100Gy

Paediatric tumours:

Astrocytomas I (36)

86%

58%

22%

Astrocytomas II (14)

79%

36%

21%

Astrocytomas III (6)

33%

17%

17%

Malkin

1989 [127]

21 temporary

60Gy

Astrocytomas III (2)

36cGy/h

Glioblastomas (19)

6 months

79-495mCi

Recurrent tumours (10):

Preirradiated

Yakar

1989 [159]

50 temporary

55-60Gy

New tumours:

11 months (mean)

40cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (3)

4-299mCi

Glioblastomas (17)

Additional pRT (50-60Gy)

Recurrent tumours:

13 months

Astrocytomas III (5)

Glioblastomas (12)

Preirradiated

Metastases (13)

8 months (mean)

Leibel

1989 [45]

95 temporary

52.7-150Gy

Recurrent tumours:

20-90cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (50)

46%

28%

19 months

27-372mCi

Glioblastomas (45)

preirradiated (40-72Gy)

22%

8%

12 months

Larson

1990 [81]

128 temporary

46-120Gy

New tumours:

25-100cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (20)

51 months

Glioblastomas (13)

22 months

Additional pRT (60Gy)

Recurrent tumours:

Astrocytomas III (50)

45%

28%

19 months

Glioblastomas (45)

Preirradiated

22%

8%

12 months

Bernstein

1990 [107]

46 temporary

New:

New tumours:

60Gy

Astrocytomas III (23)

14 months

Additional pRT (50Gy)

Recurrent:

Recurrent tumours:

70Gy

Astrocytomas III (18)

10 months

21.8-125cGy/h 93-599mCi

Metastases (3)

Radiation-induced tumours (2)

preirradiated

Loeffler

1990 [134]

35 temporary

38-55Gy

Glioblastomas (35)

87%

57%

30-60cGy/h

20-50mCi

Additional pRT (59.4Gy)

Gutin

1990 [109]

55 temporary

50Gy

Astrocytomas III (25)

36 months

Glioblastomas (30)

Additional pRT (60Gy)

20 months

Gutin

1991 [23]

63 temporary

50-60Gy

Astrocytomas III (29)

36 months

40-60cGy/h

10-40mCi

Glioblastomas (34)

Additional pRT (60Gy)

20 months

Clark

1991 [108]

25 temporary

60Gy

Astrocytomas III (4)

30 months

Glioblastomas (21)

Additional pRT

21 months

Loeffler

1991 [135]

25 temporary

39-64Gy

Recurrent Glioblastomas (25)

42%

30%

15%

10 months

Scharfen

1991 [113]

334 temporary

37-150Gy

New tumours:

25-100cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (80)

74%

Glioblastomas (117)

33%

Additional pRT

Recurrent tumours:

Astrocytomas III (70)

41%

Glioblastomas (67)

23%

Zamorano

1992 [160]

64 temporary

Temporary:

New tumours:

75%

47%

15 months

50 permanent

60Gy

Astrocytomas III

40cGy/h

Glioblastomas

Additional pRT (50Gy)

Permanent:

pRT→temporary (25)

59%

30%

14 months

81-143Gy

permanent→pRT (19)

79%

59%

4-7cGy/h

pRT→permanent (9)

100%

50%

13 months

permanent only (9)

100%

Recurrent tumours:

38%

13%

10 months

temporary (23)

39%

10%

10 months

permanent (11)

36%

36%

9 months

Metastases:

temporary (16)

44%

28%

10 months

permanent (2)

44%

25%

10 months

Zamorano 1992 [161]

50 temporary

55-60Gy

New tumours:

11 months (mean)

40cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (3)

4-299mCi

Glioblastomas (17)

Additional pRT (50-60Gy)

13 months

Recurrent tumours:

Astrocytomas III (5)

Glioblastomas (12)

Preirradiated

Metastases (13)

8 months (mean)

Sneed

1992 [145]

206 temporary

New:

New tumours:

42-76Gy

Astrocytomas III (29)

36 months

Glioblastomas (34)

20 months

Additional pRT (60Gy)

Recurrent:

Recurrent tumours:

53-150Gy

Astrocytomas III (50)

19 months

20-90cGy/h

Glioblastomas (45)

12 months

Preirradiated

Hyperthermia:

Recurrent tumours:

33-63Gy

Astrocytomas III (16)

81%

65%

Glioblastomas (25)

45%

11 months

Metastases (7)

Plus hyperthermia

10 months

Yakar

1992 [115]

62 temporary

Temporary:

New tumours:

40%

14 months

60Gy

Astrocytomas III (7)

43%

13 months

40cGy/h

Glioblastomas (18)

39%

15 months

Additional pRT

Recurrent tumours:

23%

11 months

Astrocytomas III (8)

37%

9 months

Glioblastomas (13)

8%

11 months

Metastases (16)

25%

10 months

55 permanent

Permanent:

New tumours:

73%

37 months

100Gy

Astrocytomas III (36)

79%

37 months

5cGy/h

Glioblastomas (5)

27%

14 months

Recurrent tumours:

42%

14 months

Astrocytomas III (7)

86%

23 months

Glioblastomas (4)

0%

6 months

Metastases (3)

33%

4 months

Scharfen

1992 [25]

307 temporary

37-120Gy

New tumours:

19-140cGy/h

Non-glioblastomas (68):

38-453mCi

Astrocytomas I/II

94%

73%

52 months

Astrocytomas III

85%

47%

33 months

Glioblastomas (106)

86%

22%

20 months

Additional pRT (60Gy)

Recurrent tumours:

Non-glioblastomas (67):

Astrocytomas I/II

68%

30%

19 months

Astrocytomas III

49%

24%

12 months

Glioblastomas (66)

50%

15%

11 months

Prados

1992 [112]

88 temporary

50-60Gy

Astrocytomas III (32)

32%

37 months

40-60cGy/h

10-40mCi

Glioblastomas (56)

Additional pRT (40-77Gy)

29%

14%

20 months

Ostertag

1992 [95]

194 temporary 345 permanent

30-70Gy

Astrocytomas I (106)

77%

10cGy/h

Astrocytomas II (251)

65%

64%

Oligoastrocytomas (44)

80%

Oligodendrogliomas (29)

58%

Astrocytomas III (75)

49%

36%

8 months

Glioblastomas (34)

48%

16%

6 months

Kreth

1993 [162]

81 temporary

60Gy

New metastases:

10cGy/h

WBRT (40Gy) + seed (38)

17 months

Seed only (22)

12 months

WBRT (40Gy) only (49)

8 months

Recurrent metastases:

seed only (21)

preirradiated

6 months

Fontanesi

1993 [118]

26 temporary

60Gy

Astrocytomas III (9)

20 months

40-45cGy/h

7-25mCi

Glioblastomas (17)

Additional pRT (66Gy@2x1.1Gy/d)

13 months

Voges

1993 [82]

1 temporary

40Gy

Ependymomas (1)

100%

3cGy/h

21.4mCi

Kreth

1993 [104]

134 temporary

50-60Gy

Astrocytomas II (251)

64%

190 permanent

10cGy/h

Oligoastrocytomas II (44)

80%

Oligodendrogliomas II (29)

58%

Sneed

1994 [136]

34 temporary

42-66Gy

Glioblastomas (34)

91%

40%

18%

9%

21 months

30-60cGy/h

Additional pRT (56-60Gy)

Wen

1994 [137]

56 temporary

50Gy

Glioblastomas (56)

83%

34%

27%

16%

18 months

30-60cGy/h

20-50mCi

Additional pRT (59.4Gy @1.8Gy/d or 40Gy@2x2Gy/d)

Bernstein

1994 [79]

46 temporary

70Gy

Recurrent tumours:

11 months

68cGy/h

Astrocytomas II (2)

293mCi

Astrocytomas III (12)

Glioblastomas (32)

preirradiated (50-60Gy)

Ryken

1994 [126]

15 temporary

60Gy or 80-300Gy

Recurrent tumours:

6 months

5 permanent

40cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (9)

Glioblastomas (11)

Preirradiated (60Gy)

Hitchon

1994 [125]

26

Astrocytomas III or Glioblastomas (26)

18 months

Fernandez

1994 [116]

73 permanent

100-120Gy

Astrocytomas III or Glioblastomas (73)

82%

> 31 months

4-7cGy/h

Additional pRT (50-60Gy)

(16% before, 68% concurrent, 15% not)

> 23 months

Kitchen

1994 [144]

23 temporary

50Gy

Recurrent astrocytomas III or glioblastomas (23)

6 months

40-230mCi

Preirradiated (50-60Gy)

Gaspar

1994 [119]

72 permanent

100Gy

Astrocytomas III (45)

80%

70%

62%

5cGy/h

Glioblastomas (27)

Additional pRT (50-60Gy)

(62% before, 24% after, 14% not)

80%

55%

40%

Scerrati

1994 [105]

32 iridium-192

43Gy or 90Gy

Astrocytomas I (2)

83%

57%

39%

112 months

4 iodine-125

14 temporary 22 permanent

32cGy/h or 42cGy/h

Astrocytomas II (23)

Oligodendrogliomas (11)

Additional pRT (30-54Gy)

Zamorano

1995 [123]

72 permanent

5cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (45)

84%

75%

65%

Glioblastomas (27)

Additional pRT (50-60Gy)

(24% before, 63% after, 14% not)

80%

53%

26 months

Chamberlain

1995 [185]

45-51Gy

Recurrent tumours:

16 temporary

50cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (3)

9 months

Oligodendrogliomas III (1)

Glioblastomas (11)

Ependymomas (1)

Preirradiated (54-60Gy)

Kreth

1995 [68]

194 temporary 261 permanent

60-100Gy

Astrocytomas I (97)

85%

83%

< 10cGy/h

Astrocytomas II (250)

61%

51%

Oligoastrocytomas (60)

49%

58 months

Oligodendrogliomas (27)

50%

61 months

Gemistocytic gliomas (21)

32%

37 months

Fernandez

1995 [117]

58 permanent

102Gy

Astrocytomas III (40)

> 31 months

4-7cGy/h

Glioblastomas (18)

> 23 months

0.1-32mCi

Additional pRT (50-60Gy)

(17% before, 66% after, 17% not)

Sneed

1995 [141]

159 temporary

36-67Gy

Glioblastomas (159)

85%

36%

20%

19 months

30-70cGy/h

Additional pRT (40-77Gy)

Ostertag

1995 [150]

93 temporary

60-100Gy

10cGy/h

New metastases:

Seed + pRT (40Gy) (38)

17 months

seed only (34)

15 months

Recurrent Metastases:

Preirradiated (21)

6 months

Halligan

1996 [128]

22 permanent

150-300Gy

Recurrent tumours:

57%

15 months

11cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (4)

39mCi

Glioblastomas (18)

Preirradiated (54-65Gy)

59%

15 months

Kreth

1997 [99]

197 temporary & permanent

45-100Gy or

Astrocytomas II (153)

60%

50-120Gy

Oligoastrocytomas II (44)

3-18cGy/h

Additional pRT (47)

17 months

Sneed

1997 [12]

permanent

60-100Gy

Astrocytomas I

85%

83%

5-10cGy/h

Astrocytomas II

61%

51%

Sneed

1997 [12]

temporary

60Gy

New high-grade gliomas

18-19 months

40-60cGy/h

Recurrent high-grade gliomas

12-13 months

Schulder

1997 [151]

13 permanent

43-132Gy

Metastases (13)

8 months

0.26-0.79mCi

Additional pRT (30-75Gy)

Chamberlain

1997 [138]

15 temporary

50Gy

50cGy/h

Recurrent glioblastomas (15)

10 months

Laperriere

1998 [24]

63 temporary

57-68Gy

Malignant astrocytomas (140)

21-125cGy/h

Additional pRT (50Gy) (63)

16 months

only pRT (50Gy) (69)

13 months

Gaspar

1999 [53]

59 permanent

100Gy

Recurrent tumours:

5cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (22)

76%

55%

32%

16 months

Glioblastomas (37)

44%

13%

24 months

preirradiated (50-66Gy)

11 months

Videtic

1999, 2001

[121, 122]

75 permanent

100Gy

Astrocytomas III (22)

58%

40%

40 months

5cGy/h

Glioblastomas (53)

Additional pRT (50-60Gy)

40-42%

18%

16-17 months

Suplica

1999 [142]

38 permanent

100-500Gy

Recurrent glioblastomas (38)

12 months

0.67mCi

Preirradiated (59-72Gy)

Patel

2000 [140]

40 permanent

120-160Gy

0.58-0.86mCi

Recurrent glioblastomas (40)

preirradiated (60Gy)

72%

11 months

Koot

2000 [139] comment [196]

33 temporary

12 permanent

50-80Gy

3-5cGy/h

5-40mCi

Glioblastomas (45)

Additional pRT (10-30Gy)

13 months

Rostomily

2001 [197]

6 permanent

160-218Gy

Recurrent paediatric tumours:

22 months

10cGy/h

23-76mCi

Primitive neuroectodermal tumours (2)

Medulloblastomas (1)

Ependymomas (1)

Xanthoastrocytomas (1)

Glioblastomas (1)

preirradiated (3 craniospinal, 2 WBRT)

Keole

2001 [132]

26 permanent

83-100Gy

Glioblastomas (26)

Additional pRT (57-61Gy)

23 months

Huang

2002 [153]

28 permanent

200-500Gy

Metastases:

11 months

15-69mCi

New (16)

14 months

Recurrent (12)

5 months

Zamorano

2003 [124]

60 permanent

100Gy

Astrocytomas III (57)

87%

60%

50%

46%

57 months

3-7cGy/h

Oligodendrogliomas III (3)

Additional pRT (50-60Gy)

(78% before, 22% not)

Larson

2004 [133]

35 permanent

150-500Gy

7-24cGy/h

56mCi

Recurrent glioblastomas (35)

Preirradiated (59-72Gy)

12 months

Mehrkens

2004 [101]

55 temporary & permanent

60-100Gy

3-10cGy/h

Astrocytomas II (46)

Oligoastrocytomas II (9)

55%

28%

68 months

Kreth

2006 [67]

136 temporary

100Gy

Astrocytomas II (187)

56%

37%

26%

103 permanent

60Gy

8cGy/h

Oligoastrocytomas II (52)

Herrera

2007 [94]

12 temporary

52-80Gy

Paediatric astrocytomas I (12)

83%

4-20cGy/h

11-41mCi

Julow

2007 [98]

43 temporary

40-200Gy

Astrocytomas I/II (27)

93%

61%

40%

36 months

1-83cGy/h

Astrocytomas III (10)

48%

19%

0%

16 months

12-155mCi

Glioblastomas (6)

17%

0%

0%

8 months

New tumours (11)

Recurrent tumours (32)

Dagnew

2007 [155]

26 permanent

120-200Gy

Metastases (26)

72%

46%

18 months

Chen

2007 [130]

18 permanent

200-600Gy

Glioblastomas (18)

26 months

21-95mCi

Additional pRT (60Gy@ 2x1Gy/d)

Schnell

2008 [102]

31 temporary

54Gy

New astrocytomas II (18)

93%

10cGy/h

Recurrent astrocytomas II (13)

Darakchiev

2008 [131]

34 permanent

120Gy

27mCi

Recurrent glioblastomas (34)

82%

66%

37%

23%

16 months

Huang

2009 [156]

40 permanent

200-700Gy

New metastases (19)

47%

21%

12 months

10-69mCi

Recurrent metastases (21)

33%

14%

7 months

Petr

2009 [157]

72 permanent

150Gy

4-40mCi

Metastases (72)

55%

27%

14 months

Schwarz

2009 [120]

71 temporary

20-60Gy

Astrocytomas I (4)

10-82mCi

Astrocytomas II (30)

41 months

Astrocytomas III (11)

12 months

Glioblastomas (13)

4 months

Medulloblastomas (4)

Oligodendrogliomas (3)

Pinealis tumour (1)

Metastases (5)

Preirradiated (18-80Gy)

22 months

Ruge 2011 [149]

77 temporary

50Gy

6cGy/h

Metastases (77)

8 months

Korinthenberg 2011 [198]

94 temporary

60Gy

Paediatric tumours:

97%

92%

10cGy/h

Astrocytomas I (53)

10mCi

Astrocytomas II (26)

Oligoastrocytomas II (4)

Oligodendrogliomas II (5)

Ependymoma II (1)

Not classified (5)

El Majdoub 2011 [183]

11 temporary

32-50Gy

Recurrent Medulloblastomas (12)

67%

33%

18 months

1 permanent

2-40mCi

Preirradiated (24-56Gy)

Ruge 2011 [154]

90 temporary

50Gy

3-6cGy/h

Metastases (90)

9 months

Suchorska 2011 [106]

95 temporary

50-65Gy

Astrocytomas II (69)

238 months

3cGy/h

Oligoastrocytomas II (14)

12mCi

Oligodendrogliomas II (12)

Ruge 2011 [199]

147 temporary

65Gy

Children:

1-31mCi

Astrocytomas I (101)

100%

98%

93%

82%

Astrocytomas II (34)

96%

85%

Other (12)

85%

77%

Ruge 2011 [163]

50Gy

Metastases

15 months