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Table 1 Systematic and random translational errors for conventional positioning with skin marks (laser crosses), infrared body markers and bone fusion (via ExacTrac/Novalis Body X-ray system = ETNB) by using the marker-based prostate position as “correct” reference position

From: Appropriate patient instructions can reduce prostate motion

Setup

LR error [mm]

SI error [mm]

AP error [mm]

Skin marks

   

Σ

1.56

2.46

1.87

σ

1.82

2.31

2.51

Margin

5.17

7.76

6.43

Infrared markers

   

Σ

1.35

0.75

0.96

σ

1.73

1.10

1.71

Margin

4.59

2.64

3.60

Bone fusion (ETNB)

   

Σ

0.53

1.38

1.10

σ

0.75

1.84

1.79

Margin

1.85

4.74

4.00

  1. The recommended safety margins according to the formula of van Herk (margin = 2.5 ∑ + 0.7 σ, see text) along the three axes are given in the third line.